The 2010 census appears to be on its way to be a major success for New York City. We should be grateful for the unprecedented engagement of community, neighborhood and ethnic organizations, as well as adequate funds for communication, outreach and advertising. This all led to a substantial increase in the rate of initial mail response for New Yorkers. When the state population counts that determine the number of seats in Congress are released on Dec. 28t and the block level data for reapportionment for legislative districts are released in March, New York City should do quite well.
The initial response rate rose from 57 percent in 2000 to 60 percent in 2010 in New York City. The overall national rate stayed the same at 72 percent.
The increased initial participation in the city means both better data and cheaper data collection. When people respond to the initial mailing, the Census Bureau does not have send out enumerators to knock on doors and collect the information, saving money.
While some households that do not respond become "hard to count," the largest fraction of households visited by enumerators easily provided information when contacted, some even apologizing for not sending in their form on time. Other housing units whose residents did not respond proved to be vacant. Enumerators revisited any vacant units to confirm that no one lived there.
Of course, in any huge operation like the census there are bound to be glitches here and there, but the Census Bureau established built in checks to assure accuracy. Most of the error and difficulties encountered by some census enumerators will be corrected during the quality control phase. For instance, any home that had an incorrect address was rechecked, and a small sample of households is being reinterviewed to validate the accuracy of the original count. Checks also exist to eliminate duplicate responses for those who filled out the form in more than one residence.
Despite the relative success and the efforts at quality control, some groups are very difficult to interview, leaving some missed homes and some incorrect or inconsistent information. To address this, the Census Bureau has a number of procedures it follows when it cannot get an interview or the response is either not complete or inconsistent with other responses from the household. These technique, based on statistical methods, come under the heading "imputation and allocation. "
There are two types of imputation and allocation:
Whole unit imputation comes into play when there is no answer for a unit known to be occupied. In such cases, the census applies what is known as the "hot deck" procedure and determines -- or imputes -- the characteristics of the household from those of other nearby households.
The term "hot deck" harkens back to the time when computers used punched cards. The hot deck contained information on those who were recently tabulated from the same neighborhood living in the same type of unit. Such data still exists -- even if the hot deck does not -- and is used to fill in information on nearby, missing with similar known characteristics.
The other method is "item and person allocation," where a household has provided answers, but they either incomplete answers or include inconsistencies. Here the information on the occupants that do exist is used to impute, much as the "hot deck'" was for the vacant unit So one can impute sex by using first name, if it is known. A Committee of the National Academy of Sciences discussed and reviewed these census procedures.
In the past, New York City has relied more on imputed data than the U.S. as whole has. The table below presents information on the imputation of basic characteristics in the city in 2000. The census reported that 4.7 percent of the housing units' vacancy statuses were imputed. In 8.9 percent, it imputed whether or not the unit was owned or rented. This compares with 2.6 percent for vacancy and 4.8 percent for owned or rented nationally.
' | United States | New York City | Bronx | Kings | Manhattan | Queens | Staten Island |
Overall Person Imputations | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' |
Any Item Imputed | 10.9% | 20.0% | 26.4% | 22.3% | 16.5% | 17.8% | 10.6% |
Population Substituted | 1.2% | 3.9% | 5.7% | 5.4% | 1.2% | 3.4% | 1.5% |
' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' |
Specific Imputations | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' |
One or more items Impurted | 9.6% | 16.1% | 20.7% | 16.9% | 15.2% | 14.3% | 9.1% |
Race Impurted | 4.0% | 7.4% | 12.3% | 6.9% | 7.1% | 5.9% | 3.7% |
Hispanic Impurted | 4.4% | 6.5% | 6.8% | 7.5% | 5.6% | 6.2% | 4.1% |
Sex Impurted | 1.1% | 1.8% | 2.0% | 2.2% | 1.3% | 1.7% | 0.9% |
Age Impurted | 3.7% | 5.8% | 5.9% | 6.7% | 5.7% | 5.3% | 3.5% |
Relationship Impurted | 2.1% | 3.6% | 3.9% | 4.2% | 2.8% | 3.5% | 2.0% |
' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' |
Housing Imputations | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' |
Vacancy Impurted | 2.6% | 4.7% | 5.5% | 4.5% | 4.0% | 5.7% | 3.1% |
Tenure Impurted | 4.8% | 8.9% | 12.4% | 11.0% | 5.8% | 8.0% | 5.1% |
Source:' Census 2000 Tabulation From Summary File 1. |
As to imputation for persons, some 20 percent of New York City's 2000 population had at least one item imputed, compared with 10.8 percent for the United States as a while For example, in New York City 11.3 percent of people had their race imputed, versus 5.2 percent for the United States . In the Bronx, the figures are 26.4 percent for any imputation, and 16.0 percent for race..
Imputation varies widely throughout the city, as the table and map show. Areas with high proportions of poor and minority households, such as much of the Bronx, Bedford Stuyvesant, Flatbush and Harlem, as well as heavily immigrant area like Northwest Queens have high levels of imputation. In most of Staten Island and parts of Queens, and of Manhattan levels of imputation are low.
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Imputation makes up for many of the problems in data collection, including non-response and inaccurate or misleading information. It improves the quality of the census and the overall results by filling in holes and fixing other problems.
Since 1980, many have argued for statistical adjustment of the Census based upon sampling of the "hard to count" population. The Supreme Court has ruled against adopting this approach. The census has used imputation and allocation since 1960. So in a later ruling the court found that such methods were a legitimate means to improve the count.
What then of the 2010 census? First, it seems to have done even better in New York than the 2000 Census. Like the 2000 census, 2010 will prove to be better than the 1990 census, which missed on the order of 400,000 New Yorkers. Second, the various quality control methods will help assure accurate information. Third, the use of allocation and imputation means that even where there are gaps or inconsistencies in the collected data, the data will be improved, so the census will be even more reliable. In short, the 2010 Census is shaping up to be very accurate and reliable.
You can count on it!
Andrew A. Beveridge has taught sociology at Queens College since 1981, done demographic analyses for the New York Times since 1993, and been in charge of Gotham Gazette's demographics topic page since 2000. The opinions expressed are his alone.
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Will the 2010 Census "Steal" New Yorkers? (2007-12-24)
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Your census form will arrive in the mail around March 14 unless, of course, you live in a New York state or a federal prison, where it will be distributed by the warden and collected in a sealed envelope and sent to the Census Bureau in Washington. How that return is counted -- and indeed if it is counted at all -- will have a major impact on power and politics in New York state over the next decade.
Since the 2000 census, the Census Bureau has estimated massive population shifts that should be confirmed by the results of the 2010 census. The bottom line is all legislative bodies across the country will face massive redistricting challenges.
In New York, the State Senate will likely move further into Democratic hands, particularly if the Democrats maintain control after the 2010 election. But whoever ends up in charge of redistricting will find it virtually impossible to ignore the fact that the population and power shift from upstate to downstate continues unabated.
Revised congressional, Senate and Assembly districts must be drawn to accommodate this and other population shifts. They also must take into account the commands of the Voting Rights Act to district in a way that allows of minority voters to exercise influence in the election of representatives. (Redistricting in New York is done by both houses of the legislature as a bill that then must be signed by the governor to take effect. If the legislative process fails, courts can intervene after a suit is filed.)
The census will provide the raw material for redistricting. The main clients for the Census Bureau are Congress, the state legislatures and the governors in the United States. A variety of factors will affect the outcome of the census, as well how it is used to divide the state.
Efforts are underway to count the so-called "hard to count" parts of New York City. Mostly the poor and immigrants reside in such neighborhoods. During the Census 2000, some upscale African American neighborhoods did not participate very well, at least initially. On the other hand, some immigrant areas did better than expected. Apparently, some data may have been falsified by workers struggling to meet what they saw as unrealistic deadlines.
Since substantial efforts are underway in New York City to count the "hard to count," one should expect that the 2010 census will do about as well as did the 2000 census.
What, then, to expect in terms of the Congress, the Senate and the Assembly for 2012?
The State Assembly is so overwhelmingly Democratic that the chance for major political change based upon population changes seems remote. Nonetheless, many members will find that they will represent significantly changed districts.
As for Congress, an analysis that I did for Real Elections Project shows that New York State is likely to lose at least one congressional seat, and that Louise Slaughter's Rochester area district is very under-populated. Nevertheless, the loss of one seat will require the redrawing of every congressional district so many areas will face major changes.
The real battle, however, will be in the New York State Senate. Last time around, with the Republicans facing the loss of seats in their upstate base, the GOP crafted a plan that it sprung on Democratic legislators and public at the last moment -- after numerous mandated public hearings were over. To avoid having to cut a Republican seat, the plan added a new seat to the Senate and carefully distributed the rest of the population shift to dilute New York City’s power. (By creating an even number of Senate seats, the plan bears some responsibility for the deadlock that paralyzed the Senate last summer.)
If the GOP should regain control of the Senate in time for redistricting, they may try a similar scheme. But such efforts would run into a difficult demographic reality. This decade, as in the last, population generally grew in the city and its environs and declined upstate. The accompanying maps and table, based upon population figures from the 2008 American Community Survey and estimated through 2010, show that almost all of the upstate districts have lost people, while most of the downstate districts, including New York City, the northern suburbs and Long Island gained population.
This means that to if districts are to be of relatively equal size, seats and voting power should shift away from upstate. Redistricting experts measure the departure from the ideal (total population equality) in terms of how much a specific district deviates in size from the average district. Since districts should be as equal as possible, measuring the degree of inequality is expressed as "deviation." Any plan with a total deviation (the difference between the largest positive and negative deviation) greater than 10 percent is legally suspect. Thus, deviations greater than 5 percent positive and negative are cause of serious concern.
Using this yardstick, 17 upstate districts have populations that are more than 5 percent below the ideal size, while 14 downstate and Long Island districts have deviations higher than plus 5 percent. This result is not at all surprising, since during the last redistricting round, the GOP majority did everything possible to pack population downstate and spread it out upstate. The party's stratagems prevented http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/demographics/20020701/5/591 a massive redistricting upstate in 2002, but may not be able to avoid it in 2012.
Further exacerbating the population trend is the recent announcement that the Census Bureau will make data available so that the prisoners (and other so-called group quarters residents) might be excluded from the totals for state and local redistricting. The bureau will identify where such facilities are and how many people occupy them.
New York counts prisoners as being residents of the place where they are incarcerated -- not the community they came from. Given that most prisons are upstate and many prisoners are from the five boroughs, this inflates the upstate population. Any change in that would have the effect of decreasing the number of people counted for redistricting upstate even further.
Many advocates and a recent court decision, as well as a National Academy of Sciences report, support the idea that prisoners are really not residents of prisons, since they generally do not plan to remain in the surrounding community after they are released. Instead, they should be counted where they were living before they were incarcerated. The census data would only allow states to not count prisoners in prison. It would not solve the problem of where they should be counted. (The impact of just excluding prisoners is estimated in the attached Table, as well.)
State Sen. Eric Schneiderman has introduced legislation that would force the state to count prisoners as residents of their prior homes, using Department of Corrections Data. The bill's fate is uncertain.
In short, New York State faces massive redistricting once the 2010 census is released in the first quarter of 2011. As those downstate work to get their "hard to count" population enumerated, upstate residents and voters can feel even more of their power slipping away. If the State Senate joins the Assembly in being solidly in Democratic hands with stronger downstate representation, it is inevitable that government appropriations will follow this power shift. So, as you complete your census form, remember that the data generated have a tremendous impact on the distribution of, power and money.
Andrew A. Beveridge has taught sociology at Queens College since 1981, done demographic analyses for the New York Times since 1993, and been in charge of Gotham Gazette's demographics topic page since 2000. The opinions expressed are his alone.
District | Senator | Party | First Elected | Residence | Estimated Population 2010 | Estimated Deviation | % Estimated Deviation | Population | Estimated Change | Estimated % Change | Estimated Prisoners | Estimated Deviation Excluding Prisoners |
1 | Kenneth LaValle | R | 1976 | Port Jefferson | 348,512 | 32,383 | 10.24% | 305,238 | 43,274 | 14.2% | 0 | 10.6% |
2 | John J. Flanagan | R | 2002 | East Northport | 348,742 | 32,613 | 10.32% | 305,951 | 42,791 | 14.0% | 0 | 10.6% |
3 | Brian X. Foley | D | 2008 | Blue Point | 313,863 | -2,266 | -0.72% | 305,989 | 7,874 | 2.6% | 0 | -0.4% |
4 | Owen H. Johnson | R | 1972 | West Babylon | 333,382 | 17,253 | 5.46% | 305,962 | 27,420 | 9.0% | 0 | 5.8% |
5 | Carl Marcellino | R | 1995 | Syosset | 325,865 | 9,736 | 3.08% | 305,450 | 20,415 | 6.7% | 0 | 3.4% |
6 | Kemp Hannon | R | 1989 | Garden City | 316,021 | -108 | -0.03% | 306,033 | 9,988 | 3.3% | 0 | 0.3% |
7 | Craig Johnson | D | 2007 | Port Washington | 327,036 | 10,907 | 3.45% | 305,501 | 21,535 | 7.0% | 0 | 3.8% |
8 | Charles Fuschillo | R | 1998 | Merrick | 311,252 | -4,877 | -1.54% | 305,908 | 5,344 | 1.7% | 0 | -1.3% |
9 | Dean Skelos | R | 1984 | Rockville Centre | 316,182 | 53 | 0.02% | 305,990 | 10,192 | 3.3% | 0 | 0.3% |
Long Island Total | 2,940,856 | 95,695 | ||||||||||
10 | Shirley Huntley | D | 2006 | Jamaica | 339,608 | 23,479 | 7.43% | 318,481 | 21,127 | 6.6% | 0 | 7.7% |
11 | Frank Padavan | R | 1972 | Bellerose | 339,018 | 22,889 | 7.24% | 318,482 | 20,536 | 6.4% | 0 | 7.6% |
12 | George Onorato | D | 1983 | Astoria | 302,555 | -13,574 | -4.29% | 318,484 | -15,929 | -5.0% | 483 | -4.2% |
13 | Vacant (Monserrate) | Was D | 336,495 | 20,366 | 6.44% | 318,484 | 18,011 | 5.7% | 0 | 6.8% | ||
14 | Malcolm Smith | D | 2000 | St. Albans | 333,981 | 17,852 | 5.65% | 318,481 | 15,500 | 4.9% | 0 | 6.0% |
15 | Joseph Addabbo Jr. | D | 2008 | Ozone Park | 326,700 | 10,571 | 3.34% | 318,484 | 8,216 | 2.6% | 0 | 3.6% |
16 | Toby Ann Stavisky | D | 1999 | Flushing | 331,878 | 15,749 | 4.98% | 318,483 | 13,395 | 4.2% | 0 | 5.3% |
17 | Martin Malave Dilan | D | 2002 | Bushwick | 329,649 | 13,520 | 4.28% | 311,260 | 18,389 | 5.9% | 0 | 4.6% |
18 | Velmanette Montgomery | D | 1984 | Brooklyn | 349,252 | 33,123 | 10.48% | 311,260 | 37,992 | 12.2% | 0 | 10.8% |
19 | John Sampson | D | 1996 | Brooklyn | 319,165 | 3,036 | 0.96% | 311,258 | 7,907 | 2.5% | 0 | 1.3% |
20 | Eric Adams | D | 2006 | Brooklyn | 316,927 | 798 | 0.25% | 311,259 | 5,668 | 1.8% | 0 | 0.5% |
21 | Kevin Parker | D | 2002 | Brooklyn | 332,960 | 16,831 | 5.32% | 311,259 | 21,701 | 7.0% | 0 | 5.6% |
22 | Martin Golden | R | 2002 | Bay Ridge | 316,595 | 466 | 0.15% | 311,260 | 5,335 | 1.7% | 0 | 0.4% |
23 | Diane Savino | D | 2004 | Staten Island | 326,256 | 10,127 | 3.20% | 311,259 | 14,997 | 4.8% | 0 | 3.5% |
24 | Andrew Lanza | R | 2006 | Staten Island | 347,083 | 30,954 | 9.79% | 311,258 | 35,825 | 11.5% | 767 | 9.9% |
25 | Dan Squadron | D | 2008 | Brooklyn | 335,843 | 19,714 | 6.24% | 311,258 | 24,585 | 7.9% | 0 | 6.5% |
26 | Liz Krueger | D | 2002 | New York | 346,965 | 30,836 | 9.75% | 311,260 | 35,705 | 11.5% | 0 | 10.1% |
27 | Carl Kruger | D | 1994 | Brooklyn | 315,681 | -448 | -0.14% | 311,259 | 4,422 | 1.4% | 0 | 0.2% |
28 | Jose M. Serrano | D | 2004 | Spanish Harlem | 328,693 | 12,564 | 3.97% | 311,261 | 17,432 | 5.6% | 0 | 4.3% |
29 | Thomas Duane | D | 1998 | New York | 364,179 | 48,050 | 15.20% | 311,260 | 52,919 | 17.0% | 350 | 15.4% |
30 | Bill Perkins | D | 2006 | Harlem | 325,817 | 9,688 | 3.06% | 311,263 | 14,554 | 4.7% | 660 | 3.2% |
31 | Eric Schneiderman | D | 1998 | Washington Heights | 291,273 | -24,856 | -7.86% | 311,257 | -19,984 | -6.4% | 0 | -7.6% |
32 | Ruben DĂaz | D | 2002 | Soundview | 342,758 | 26,629 | 8.42% | 311,260 | 31,498 | 10.1% | 0 | 8.7% |
33 | Pedro Espada Jr. | D | 2008 | Bedford Park | 316,101 | -28 | -0.01% | 311,258 | 4,843 | 1.6% | 0 | 0.3% |
34 | Jeffrey Klein | D | 2004 | Throgs Neck | 325,052 | 8,923 | 2.82% | 311,251 | 13,801 | 4.4% | 0 | 3.1% |
35 | Andrea Stewart-Cousins | D | 2006 | Yonkers | 317,719 | 1,590 | 0.50% | 311,016 | 6,703 | 2.2% | 0 | 0.8% |
36 | Ruth Hassell-Thompson | D | 2000 | Williamsbridge | 324,061 | 7,932 | 2.51% | 311,259 | 12,802 | 4.1% | 186 | 2.8% |
37 | Suzi Oppenheimer | D | 1984 | Mamaroneck | 322,366 | 6,237 | 1.97% | 310,865 | 11,501 | 3.7% | 1,811 | 1.7% |
Downstate Total | 9,204,631 | 353,019 | ||||||||||
38 | Thomas Morahan | R | 1999 | Clarkstown | 337,005 | 20,876 | 6.60% | 320,433 | 16,572 | 5.2% | 590 | 6.7% |
39 | Bill Larkin | R | 1990 | New Windsor | 326,445 | 10,316 | 3.26% | 304,986 | 21,459 | 7.0% | 0 | 3.6% |
40 | Vincent Leibell | R | 1994 | Patterson | 323,184 | 7,055 | 2.23% | 299,689 | 23,495 | 7.8% | 1,054 | 2.2% |
41 | Stephen Saland | R | 1990 | Poughkeepsie | 306,888 | -9,241 | -2.92% | 298,789 | 8,099 | 2.7% | 5,298 | -4.3% |
42 | John Bonacic | R | 1998 | Mount Hope | 318,665 | 2,536 | 0.80% | 298,208 | 20,457 | 6.9% | 4,660 | -0.4% |
43 | Roy McDonald | R | 2008 | Wilton | 312,604 | -3,525 | -1.11% | 300,304 | 12,300 | 4.1% | 0 | -0.8% |
44 | Hugh Farley | R | 1976 | Schenectady | 312,531 | -3,598 | -1.14% | 300,641 | 11,890 | 4.0% | 1,091 | -1.2% |
45 | Betty Little | R | 2002 | Queensbury | 298,855 | -17,274 | -5.46% | 295,991 | 2,864 | 1.0% | 10,391 | -8.5% |
46 | Neil Breslin | D | 1996 | Albany | 296,682 | -19,447 | -6.15% | 294,026 | 2,656 | 0.9% | 0 | -5.9% |
47 | Joseph Griffo | R | 2006 | Rome | 283,051 | -33,078 | -10.46% | 290,288 | -7,237 | -2.5% | 2,850 | -11.1% |
48 | Darrel Aubertine | D | 2008 | Cape Vincent | 293,423 | -22,706 | -7.18% | 289,932 | 3,491 | 1.2% | 4,233 | -8.3% |
49 | David Valesky | D | 2004 | Oneida | 285,279 | -30,850 | -9.76% | 290,514 | -5,235 | -1.8% | 2,305 | -10.2% |
50 | John DeFrancisco | R | 1992 | Syracuse | 289,462 | -26,667 | -8.44% | 291,064 | -1,602 | -0.6% | 0 | -8.2% |
51 | James Seward | R | 1986 | Milford | 288,707 | -27,422 | -8.67% | 288,702 | 5 | 0.0% | 2,486 | -9.2% |
52 | Thomas W. Libous | R | 1988 | Binghamton | 282,392 | -33,737 | -10.67% | 290,843 | -8,451 | -2.9% | 205 | -10.5% |
53 | George H. Winner Jr. | R | 2004 | Elmira | 289,204 | -26,925 | -8.52% | 292,782 | -3,578 | -1.2% | 2,426 | -9.0% |
54 | Michael Nozzolio | R | 1992 | Fayette | 294,361 | -21,768 | -6.89% | 289,191 | 5,170 | 1.8% | 2,841 | -7.5% |
55 | James Alesi | R | 1996 | East Rochester | 324,059 | 7,930 | 2.51% | 301,947 | 22,112 | 7.3% | 0 | 2.8% |
56 | Joseph Robach | R | 2002 | Greece | 277,400 | -38,729 | -12.25% | 301,862 | -24,462 | -8.1% | 81 | -12.0% |
57 | Catharine Young | R | 2005 | Olean | 282,090 | -34,039 | -10.77% | 293,587 | -11,497 | -3.9% | 2,962 | -11.4% |
58 | William Stachowski | D | 1981 | Lake View | 282,681 | -33,448 | -10.58% | 298,637 | -15,956 | -5.3% | 0 | -10.3% |
59 | Dale Volker | R | 1975 | Depew | 288,895 | -27,234 | -8.61% | 292,189 | -3,294 | -1.1% | 7,161 | -10.6% |
60 | Antoine Thompson | D | 2006 | Buffalo | 273,986 | -42,143 | -13.33% | 298,636 | -24,650 | -8.3% | 0 | -13.1% |
61 | Michael Ranzenhofer | R | 2008 | Clarence | 295,493 | -20,636 | -6.53% | 298,490 | -2,997 | -1.0% | 0 | -6.3% |
62 | George Maziarz | R | 1995 | Newfane | 291,182 | -24,947 | -7.89% | 301,784 | -10,602 | -3.5% | 2,281 | -8.3% |
Upstate Total | 7,454,525 | -448,700 |
Andrew A. Beveridge has taught sociology at Queens College since 1981, done demographic analyses for the New York Times since 1993, and been in charge of Gotham Gazette's demographics topic page since 2000. The opinions expressed are his alone.